PART 3 • LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT

 MEDICAL INTERPRETER ROADMAP  

PART 3

How I Prepared for the
Language Assessment

The medical topics I studied, how I practiced consecutive interpreting,
and what I wish I had known before taking my first evaluation

A REAL-WORLD PRACTICE GUIDE  •  PART 3

THE PURPOSE OF THIS CHAPTER  This chapter is designed for active practice. Read the scenarios aloud, record yourself, interpret in both directions, review your notes, and repeat the same exercise until your delivery becomes accurate, complete, and natural.

 

What the Assessment Was Really Testing

Before my first evaluation, I assumed that medical vocabulary would be the hardest part. Vocabulary mattered, but the assessment was also testing whether I could listen to a complete message, hold its meaning, take useful notes, switch languages quickly, preserve every important detail, and speak in a calm professional voice.

A strong interpreter does not replace one word with another word. The interpreter carries the whole message: who did what, when it happened, how often it happened, what changed, what was denied, and what the speaker is worried about.

• Accuracy and completeness without additions or omissions

• Consecutive interpreting in both directions

• First-person interpreting

• Listening, memory retention, and note-taking

• Numbers, dates, dosage, frequency, laterality, and symptom sequence

• Clear pronunciation, professional tone, and appropriate pace

• Neutrality, confidentiality, and transparent interpreter intervention

IMPORTANT  The practice prompts in this chapter are original scenarios reconstructed for study. They are not official questions from LanguageLine or any other employer, and they should not be treated as a current answer key.

 

A Home Practice Routine That Actually Works

1. Record Your Voice

Use the voice recorder on your phone. Read the source segment once, pause, and interpret it without looking at a prepared translation. Then listen to your recording with a pen in your hand.

• Did I omit a symptom, time reference, denial, or number?

• Did I add an explanation the speaker never gave?

• Did I sound clear and confident, or rushed and uncertain?

• Did my pronunciation make medical terms easy to understand?

• Did I preserve the speaker’s tone without dramatizing it?

2. Ask Family or Friends to Role-Play

Give one person the provider’s lines and another person the patient’s lines. Ask them to read naturally, not one word at a time. They can gradually speak faster, correct themselves, interrupt, or include dates and medication instructions. Your job is to manage the flow professionally without taking control of the conversation.

3. Record Yourself on Video

Video reveals habits that audio alone may miss. Watch whether you look down for too long, show confusion on your face, fidget, speak too softly, or lose professional composure. For video remote interpreting, eye contact, posture, lighting, and a neutral background also matter.

4. Practice in Both Directions

Do not practice only English to Korean. A patient’s long, emotional Korean explanation may be harder to render into concise clinical English. Reverse every scenario after completing it once.

5. Repeat, Do Not Merely Collect Vocabulary

One scenario practiced five times can teach more than five scenarios read only once. On each repetition, focus on one improvement: completeness, note-taking, pronunciation, pace, or interpreter intervention.

The Note-Taking Skill That Changed Everything

Notes are not a transcript. If I try to write every word, I stop listening. The purpose of notes is to preserve the structure of the message: people, time, symptoms, change, cause, treatment, and result. A useful note may contain only a few letters, a Korean syllable, a picture, and an arrow.

BUILD YOUR OWN SYSTEM  Use whatever your own brain recognizes fastest: your source language, English, Korean consonants or syllables, familiar medical abbreviations, numbers, arrows, and quick drawings. The notes are not submitted or graded. They only need to help you reproduce the complete message accurately.

 

Useful Symbols and Abbreviations

Symbol	Meaning	한국어
↑ / ↓	increase / decrease	증가 / 감소
→	then, leads to, became	그다음 / 결과
×	no, none, denies	없음 / 부인
?	uncertain / patient thinks	불확실 / 추정
~	sometimes / intermittent	가끔 / 간헐적
) / O	quick crescent sketch / daytime circle	밤 / 낮
)−2	two nights ago	이틀 전 밤
아 / 엄 / 할	child / mother / grandmother	아이 / 엄마 / 할머니
설 / 토 / 메	diarrhea / vomiting / nausea	설사 / 구토 / 메스꺼움
열↓?	possible low-grade fever	미열인 듯함
통↑ / 통↓	pain worse / pain better	통증 악화 / 완화
숨↓ / SOB	difficulty breathing	호흡곤란
약× / med×	no medication given	복용한 약 없음
EL	electrolyte drink	전해질 음료
ppl jc	apple juice; vowels removed	사과주스
H2O / fd	water / food	물 / 음식
sx / dx	symptoms / diagnosis	증상 / 진단
hx / FHx	history / family history	병력 / 가족력
BP / HR / T	blood pressure / heart rate / temperature	혈압 / 심박수 / 체온
L / R / bi	left / right / bilateral	왼쪽 / 오른쪽 / 양측
q / PRN	every / as needed	매…마다 / 필요시

Create a Personal Note-Taking Dictionary

Keep one page in your notebook for symbols you actually use. Organize it by people, time, symptoms, body parts, medications, numbers, and changes. Add a symbol only after you have used it successfully in practice. If a symbol makes you hesitate, replace it.

• Mix your source language and English freely. “엄,” “mom,” and “M” are all acceptable if the meaning is immediate to you.

• Remove vowels from familiar words when the result remains obvious: apple juice → ppl jc; appointment → appt; medication → med.

• Use a small drawing when it is faster than letters: a crescent moon for night, a clock for time, or a simple eye shape for vision.

• Keep one meaning for each symbol. Do not use the same mark for pain on one day and medication on another.

• Review the dictionary before practice, then rewrite any symbol that you could not recognize immediately from your recording.

Worked Note-Taking Example: A Child with Vomiting and Diarrhea

PARENT  아이가 어젯밤—아니, 그저께 밤부터 가끔 설사를 하기 시작했어요. 그러다가 오늘 새벽부터는 토하기까지 했고요. 열도 조금 있는 것 같아요. 약은 따로 먹이지 않았고, 전해질이 들어간 음료와 사과주스를 조금씩 줬어요. 다른 음식은 먹으면 바로 토해요.

 

Possible notes — short enough to write while still listening:

NOTES  아 | 설~ )−2 | 새벽→토 | 열↓? | 약× | EL + ppl jc 조금 | 음식→토

 

This line deliberately mixes Korean, English, symbols, and a vowel-free abbreviation. “)−2” represents a quick crescent-moon sketch and means the night before last; “설~” means intermittent diarrhea; “열↓?” means a possible low-grade fever; “ppl jc” means apple juice; and “음식→토” means other food leads to immediate vomiting. None of these symbols is official. They work only if the interpreter recognizes them instantly.

Possible English rendering:

INTERPRETATION  My child started having occasional diarrhea the night before last. Since early this morning, he has also been vomiting. I think he may have a low-grade fever. I have not given him any medication. I have been giving him small amounts of an electrolyte drink and apple juice, but he vomits whenever he eats any other food.

 

Notice what had to be preserved: the parent corrected the timeline from last night to the night before last; the diarrhea was occasional; vomiting began later; the fever was uncertain; no medication was given; fluids were offered in small amounts; and other food triggered vomiting.

Questions the Provider Might Ask Next

• How many times has he vomited since this morning?

• Is the vomit green, bloody, or coffee-ground-like?

• How many wet diapers has she had today? / When did he urinate last?

• Is there blood or mucus in the stool?

• Has anyone else at home been sick?

• Has the child traveled recently or eaten anything unusual?

• Is the child unusually sleepy, difficult to wake, or complaining of severe abdominal pain?

First Person for Interpreting; Third Person for Interpreter Intervention

THE RULE  When interpreting the speakers’ words, use the first person. When you temporarily step out of the interpreting role to manage communication, identify yourself transparently in the third person: “The interpreter…”

 

When You Do Not Hear or Understand

• The interpreter requests that the speaker repeat the last sentence.

• The interpreter did not hear the dosage. Please repeat the medication name and dosage.

• The interpreter needs clarification of the term “___.”

• The interpreter would like the speaker to spell the patient’s last name.

• The interpreter requests that the speaker pause after each complete thought.

When You Need to Correct an Error

• The interpreter needs to correct the interpretation. The patient said Tuesday, not Thursday.

• The interpreter needs to correct the previous statement. The pain is on the left side, not the right side.

• Interpreter correction: The patient said two tablets twice a day, not one tablet twice a day.

When Speakers Talk Over Each Other

• The interpreter requests that one person speak at a time.

• The interpreter was unable to hear the complete statements because the speakers overlapped. Please repeat one at a time.

• The interpreter requests shorter segments to ensure accuracy.

DO NOT HIDE A MISTAKE  A brief, transparent correction protects the patient and the provider. Guessing, silently changing the message, or hoping no one noticed can create a much larger error.

 

Avoid saying, “He said…” or “She wants to know…” during ordinary interpretation. Those phrases shift the conversation into third person. Reserve “The interpreter…” for your own necessary intervention.

Departments and Specialists: Essential Quick Reference

The ending helps: -ology is usually the field of medicine; -ologist is the specialist. A specialist’s title does not always tell you whether that person performs surgery, so learn the commonly confused pairs.

Department / field	Specialist	Plain-language meaning	한국어
Primary care / Family medicine	family physician / PCP	general care for all ages	가정의학과 / 일차진료 의사
Internal medicine	internist	adult medical care	내과 전문의
Pediatrics	pediatrician	children’s doctor	소아청소년과 전문의
Geriatrics	geriatrician	older-adult specialist	노인의학 전문의
Hospital medicine	hospitalist	doctor caring for admitted patients	입원환자 전담의
Emergency medicine	emergency physician	ER doctor	응급의학과 전문의
Cardiology	cardiologist	heart specialist; nonsurgical care	심장내과 전문의
Cardiothoracic surgery	cardiothoracic surgeon	heart and chest surgeon	심장흉부외과 전문의
Vascular surgery	vascular surgeon	blood-vessel surgeon	혈관외과 전문의
Pulmonology	pulmonologist	lung specialist	호흡기내과 전문의
Gastroenterology	gastroenterologist	stomach and intestinal specialist	소화기내과 전문의
Hepatology	hepatologist	liver specialist	간 전문의 / 간담도 전문의
Colorectal surgery	colorectal surgeon	colon and rectal surgeon	대장항문외과 전문의
Endocrinology	endocrinologist	hormone, thyroid, and diabetes specialist	내분비내과 전문의
Nephrology	nephrologist	kidney specialist; medical treatment/dialysis	신장내과 전문의
Urology	urologist	urinary tract and male reproductive specialist; may operate	비뇨의학과 전문의
Neurology	neurologist	brain, spinal cord, and nerve specialist; nonsurgical	신경과 전문의
Neurosurgery	neurosurgeon	brain and spine surgeon	신경외과 전문의
Orthopedics	orthopedic surgeon	bone, joint, ligament, and muscle specialist	정형외과 전문의
Rheumatology	rheumatologist	arthritis and autoimmune specialist	류마티스내과 전문의
Hematology	hematologist	blood-disorder specialist	혈액내과 전문의
Oncology	oncologist	cancer specialist	종양내과 전문의
Radiation oncology	radiation oncologist	cancer radiation specialist	방사선종양학과 전문의
Infectious disease	infectious-disease specialist	infection specialist	감염내과 전문의
Allergy and immunology	allergist / immunologist	allergy and immune-system specialist	알레르기·면역 전문의



Departments and Specialists — Continued

Department / field	Specialist	Plain-language meaning	한국어
Dermatology	dermatologist	skin, hair, and nail specialist	피부과 전문의
Ophthalmology	ophthalmologist	medical and surgical eye doctor	안과 전문의
Optometry	optometrist	vision exams, glasses, and common eye care	검안의
Otolaryngology / ENT	otolaryngologist / ENT doctor	ear, nose, and throat specialist	이비인후과 전문의
Audiology	audiologist	hearing and balance specialist	청각사
Obstetrics and gynecology	OB-GYN	pregnancy and female reproductive care	산부인과 전문의
Maternal-fetal medicine	perinatologist / MFM specialist	high-risk pregnancy specialist	고위험 임신 전문의
Reproductive endocrinology	fertility specialist / REI	fertility and reproductive-hormone specialist	난임·생식내분비 전문의
Neonatology	neonatologist	sick or premature newborn specialist	신생아 전문의
Psychiatry	psychiatrist	medical doctor treating mental illness; may prescribe	정신건강의학과 전문의
Psychology	psychologist	psychological testing and therapy; usually not a physician	심리학자 / 임상심리사
Physical medicine & rehab	physiatrist	rehabilitation physician; not a psychiatrist	재활의학과 전문의
Pain medicine	pain-management specialist	chronic and complex pain specialist	통증의학 전문의
Podiatry	podiatrist	foot and ankle doctor	족부 전문의
Dentistry	dentist	teeth and gum doctor	치과의사
Oral & maxillofacial surgery	oral surgeon	mouth, jaw, and facial surgeon	구강악안면외과 전문의
General surgery	general surgeon	abdominal and general operations	외과 전문의
Trauma surgery	trauma surgeon	severe-injury surgeon	외상외과 전문의
Plastic surgery	plastic surgeon	reconstructive and cosmetic surgeon	성형외과 전문의
Bariatric surgery	bariatric surgeon	weight-loss surgeon	비만대사수술 전문의
Anesthesiology	anesthesiologist	anesthesia and perioperative physician	마취통증의학과 전문의
Radiology	radiologist	physician who interprets medical images	영상의학과 전문의
Interventional radiology	interventional radiologist	image-guided procedure specialist	중재영상의학 전문의
Pathology	pathologist	physician examining tissue, blood, and laboratory specimens	병리과 전문의
Palliative care	palliative-care specialist	symptom relief and quality-of-life specialist	완화의료 전문의
Hospice care	hospice physician / team	end-of-life comfort care	호스피스 의료진



Common Non-Physician Professionals

Professional	What the person does	한국어
Nurse practitioner (NP)	advanced-practice clinician who can diagnose and prescribe within scope	전문간호사
Physician assistant/associate (PA)	licensed clinician practicing with physician collaboration	진료보조인력 / PA
Registered nurse (RN)	nurse providing assessment, medication, and care	등록간호사
Physical therapist (PT)	movement, strength, and mobility rehabilitation	물리치료사
Occupational therapist (OT)	daily-living and functional-skills rehabilitation	작업치료사
Speech-language pathologist (SLP)	speech, language, cognition, and swallowing specialist	언어재활사 / 언어치료사
Respiratory therapist (RT)	breathing treatments and respiratory support	호흡치료사
Registered dietitian (RD/RDN)	nutrition specialist	공인 영양사
Pharmacist	medication specialist	약사
Social worker / case manager	resources, discharge planning, and psychosocial support	사회복지사 / 사례관리자

The Most Commonly Confused Pairs

Nephrologist vs. urologist: Nephrology treats kidney function, kidney disease, electrolyte problems, and dialysis medically. Urology treats the urinary tract and male reproductive system and may perform surgery.

Neurologist vs. neurosurgeon: A neurologist treats diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves without surgery. A neurosurgeon performs brain and spine operations.

Cardiologist vs. cardiothoracic surgeon: A cardiologist manages heart disease medically and performs some catheter-based procedures. A cardiothoracic surgeon performs heart or chest surgery.

Gastroenterologist vs. colorectal surgeon: A gastroenterologist treats digestive disease and performs procedures such as endoscopy and colonoscopy. A colorectal surgeon operates on the colon, rectum, and anus.

Ophthalmologist vs. optometrist: An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who treats eye disease and performs surgery. An optometrist performs vision exams and treats many common eye conditions.

Psychiatrist vs. psychologist: A psychiatrist is a physician and can prescribe medication. A psychologist commonly provides testing and psychotherapy.

Physiatrist vs. psychiatrist: A physiatrist is a rehabilitation physician. A psychiatrist treats mental-health conditions.

Obstetrician vs. gynecologist: Obstetrics focuses on pregnancy and childbirth. Gynecology focuses on the female reproductive system outside pregnancy. Many physicians practice both as OB-GYNs.

Radiologist vs. radiologic technologist: A radiologist is the physician who interprets images. A technologist performs the scan or takes the images.

Pathologist vs. phlebotomist: A pathologist is a physician who analyzes tissue and laboratory findings. A phlebotomist draws blood.

Practice Scenarios: Interpret Without Looking at an Answer

For each scenario: (1) read or record the source, (2) wait five seconds, (3) interpret aloud, (4) compare your recording with the detail checklist, and (5) repeat in the opposite direction.

1. Diabetes and family history

PATIENT  My blood sugar has been high for about two weeks. I am thirsty all the time, I urinate frequently at night, and my vision sometimes becomes blurry. My mother and grandmother had diabetes, and my grandmother eventually had one foot amputated because of complications.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: two-week duration; thirst; nighttime urination; intermittent blurred vision; two relatives; amputation due to complications.

2. Chest pain and blood pressure

PROVIDER  Tell me exactly where the pain is, whether it spreads to your jaw or left arm, and whether you become short of breath, sweaty, nauseated, or dizzy.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: exact location; radiation to jaw/left arm; five associated symptoms; questions, not confirmed findings.

3. Pediatric vomiting and diarrhea

PARENT  아이는 그저께 밤부터 설사를 했고 오늘 새벽부터 토했어요. 마지막으로 소변을 본 건 어젯밤이고, 오늘은 물도 거의 못 마셨어요.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: night before last; vomiting began early today; last urination last night; almost no fluids today.

4. Possible stroke

FAMILY MEMBER  About forty minutes ago, she suddenly dropped her cup. The right side of her face looked uneven, and her speech became slurred. She takes a blood thinner, but I do not know the name.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: 40 minutes; sudden onset; dropped cup; right facial change; slurred speech; unknown blood thinner.

5. Urinary tract symptoms

PATIENT  소변을 볼 때 따갑고 자주 마려운데 막상 화장실에 가면 조금밖에 안 나와요. 어제부터 오른쪽 옆구리도 아프고 오한도 있었어요.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: burning; frequency; small volume; right flank pain since yesterday; chills.

6. Pregnancy concern

PROVIDER  How many weeks pregnant are you? Is the bleeding light spotting or enough to soak a pad? Are you having one-sided abdominal pain, shoulder pain, dizziness, or fainting?

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: gestational age; amount of bleeding; one-sided pain; shoulder pain; dizziness; fainting.

7. Asthma flare

PARENT  He used his rescue inhaler four times today, but the wheezing keeps coming back. He can speak only a few words before stopping to breathe.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: rescue inhaler; four uses today; recurrent wheezing; limited speech due to breathing.

8. Gastroenterology

PATIENT  For the past month, I have felt full after only a few bites. I lost twelve pounds without trying, and yesterday my stool looked black and sticky.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: one month; early satiety; unintentional 12-pound loss; black sticky stool yesterday.

9. Medication reaction

PATIENT  새 항생제를 어젯밤 처음 먹었어요. 한 시간쯤 지나서 입술이 붓고 온몸에 두드러기가 났지만 숨쉬는 데는 문제가 없었어요.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: new antibiotic; first dose last night; about one hour; lip swelling; generalized hives; no breathing problem.

10. Eye symptoms

PROVIDER  Do you see flashing lights, new floaters, a curtain or shadow over your vision, or sudden loss of vision in either eye?

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: flashes; new floaters; curtain/shadow; sudden vision loss; either eye.

11. Orthopedic injury

PATIENT  I twisted my left knee while stepping off a ladder. I heard a pop, and it swelled within an hour. I can bear weight, but I cannot fully straighten it.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: left knee; ladder; pop; swelling within one hour; can bear weight; cannot fully extend.

12. Mental-health screening

PROVIDER  During the past two weeks, how often have you felt hopeless or had little interest in doing things? Have you had thoughts that you would be better off dead or thoughts of harming yourself?

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: past two weeks; frequency; hopelessness; loss of interest; two distinct safety questions.

13. Oncology follow-up

PATIENT  항암치료 후에는 사흘 정도 너무 메스껍고 손끝이 저려요. 지난번에는 열이 화씨 101.4도까지 올랐지만 병원에 전화하지 않았어요.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: after chemotherapy; nausea about three days; fingertip numbness; last time; 101.4°F; did not call.

14. Before surgery

NURSE  Do not eat or drink anything after midnight, including water, gum, or candy. Take only the medications the surgeon approved, with a small sip of water.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: after midnight; includes water/gum/candy; only approved medications; small sip.

15. Hospital discharge

NURSE  Call the clinic if the incision becomes red, warm, swollen, or drains pus. Go to the emergency room for chest pain, severe shortness of breath, fainting, or uncontrolled bleeding.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: clinic warning signs versus ER warning signs; four items in each group.

16. Kidney disease

NEPHROLOGIST  Your kidney function has worsened, and your potassium is dangerously high. We need to repeat the blood test today and discuss whether dialysis may be necessary.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: worsened function; dangerously high potassium; repeat today; dialysis is possible, not definite.

17. Emergency call

CALLER  He collapsed in the kitchen and is not responding. I do not think he is breathing normally. I have never done CPR.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: location; unresponsive; abnormal breathing uncertainty; no CPR experience.

18. Dental pain

PATIENT  오른쪽 아래 어금니가 사흘 전부터 아팠는데 오늘 아침부터 턱이 붓기 시작했어요. 삼킬 때 아프지만 숨은 잘 쉴 수 있어요.

 

Detail checklist: Preserve: right lower molar; three days; jaw swelling today; painful swallowing; breathing intact.

A Seven-Day Practice Plan

Day	Focus	Assignment
Day 1	Record baseline	Interpret scenarios 1–3 once in each direction. Do not stop the recording when you make a mistake.
Day 2	Note-taking	Create ten personal symbols. Repeat the pediatric scenario until every time reference and treatment is preserved.
Day 3	Departments	Study specialist pairs, then explain each one aloud in plain English and Korean.
Day 4	Numbers and safety	Practice dosage, dates, temperature, laterality, pregnancy, stroke, and emergency scenarios.
Day 5	Interpreter intervention	Role-play repetition, clarification, overlap, shorter segments, spelling, and correction.
Day 6	Mock assessment	Ask a family member to choose ten scenarios randomly. Allow only one repetition when necessary.
Day 7	Review and retest	Compare your new recording with Day 1. List recurring omissions and repeat the weakest three scenarios.

What I Wish I Had Known

• You are allowed to request repetition or clarification when accuracy requires it.

• A transparent correction is professional; pretending you did not make a mistake is dangerous.

• Numbers, dates, dosage, frequency, and left versus right deserve extra attention.

• Medical vocabulary is easier to retain when studied by body system and clinical story.

• Your notes need to be readable only to you, but they must work quickly.

• Calm delivery does not mean slow interpreting; it means controlled interpreting.

• You do not need to sound like a physician. You need to convey the physician and patient accurately.

MY MOST IMPORTANT LESSON  I did not become ready by waiting for confidence. I became more ready by recording myself, hearing my omissions, correcting them, and practicing the same skills again.

 

Final Self-Assessment Checklist

• I interpret each speaker in the first person.

• I can explain source language and target language.

• I preserve negatives, uncertainty, time, sequence, and numbers.

• I have a personal note-taking system.

• I can request repetition, clarification, spelling, shorter segments, or one speaker at a time.

• I can correct my own mistake transparently in the third person.

• I know the major departments and commonly confused specialists.

• I have practiced aloud in both English-to-Korean and Korean-to-English directions.

• I have listened to and watched recordings of my own performance.

• I can remain neutral and professional when a scenario becomes emotional.

Coming Next

PART 4: MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY WITHOUT MEMORIZING RANDOM LISTS  How I organized anatomy, symptoms, tests, medications, and common abbreviations by body system so the vocabulary became easier to understand and remember.

 

Reference Note

Specialty names and scopes were cross-checked against the American Medical Association specialty directory and MedlinePlus provider descriptions. Individual roles and scopes of practice can vary by state, facility, and credential.

• American Medical Association — Specialties: https://www.ama-assn.org/topics/specialties

• AMA FREIDA Specialty Guide: https://freida.ama-assn.org/specialty

• MedlinePlus — Healthcare provider descriptions: https://medlineplus.gov/

COPYRIGHT NOTICE  This article and its original practice scenarios are based on my personal experience and writing. Unauthorized copying, reproduction, editing, translation, or redistribution of any portion is strictly prohibited without written permission. Sharing a direct link to the original article is welcome.

 

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